Haenyeo: The Mermaid Folklore and Myths

 Haenyeo: The Mermaid Folklore and Myths

In the coastal regions of South Korea, an extraordinary group of women known as the Haenyeo have defied gender norms and tamed the turbulent seas for centuries. These fearless divers, often dubbed "sea women," represent a unique and cherished facet of Korean culture. Their captivating story, deeply rooted in tradition and resilience, offers a fascinating glimpse into the history, traditions, and unique way of life of the Haenyeo, It has also given rise to a rich tapestry of folklore and myths that reflect the deep cultural significance of their profession In this article, we'll embark on a journey to explore the captivating world of the Haenyeo, shedding light on their history, skills, and the cultural significance they hold in South Korea and beyond.

 

Haenyeo: Views from the Past (Image Source: The Korea Times) 

Origin of Haenyeo 

The Haenyeo tradition is believed to have originated as early as the 17th century during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). However, some historians suggest that women divers existed even before this period, possibly as far back as the 5th century. While the exact origin story of the Haenyeo varies, a prevalent myth tells of a young woman named Janggun, who was the first Haenyeo. According to legend, Janggun was a brave and fearless diver who could hold her breath for an extraordinary amount of time. She was said to have ventured into the sea to provide for her family and village, ultimately paving the way for other women to follow in her footsteps.

 

The Mermaids called Haenyeo (Image Source: X-Ray Magazine) 

The socio-political and economic landscape of Korea played a significant role in shaping the Haenyeo tradition. During the Joseon Dynasty, Korea experienced a series of conflicts and wars, which led to economic instability and poverty among coastal communities. Women, often left as the primary providers in their families due to the absence of men in warfare, turned to the sea as a means of sustenance.

Connection with Mermaids 

One of the most enduring myths associated with the Haenyeo is their connection to mermaids. In Korean folklore, mermaids are believed to be protectors of the sea and its creatures. The Haenyeo are often seen as descendants of these mystical beings, sharing their affinity for the ocean and its secrets. Some stories even suggest that Haenyeo possesses the ability to communicate with mermaids and that these sea creatures aid them in their dives, guiding them safely through the underwater world.

Both Haenyeo and mermaids are intimately linked to the ocean. Haenyeo spend a significant part of their lives diving into the sea to harvest seafood, while mermaids are mythical sea creatures believed to reside beneath the waves. This shared connection to the sea forms the basis for their symbolic association.

 

The Haenyeo Mermaid by Dragon’s Head Rock (Image Source: Mermaids of Earth)

Mermaids are often portrayed as powerful and fearless beings of the sea. Similarly, Haenyeo is renowned for its bravery and tenacity in the face of challenging and dangerous underwater conditions. Their shared qualities of strength and resilience have contributed to the idea of a symbolic connection. Folklore and storytelling have played a significant role in shaping the connection between Haenyeo and mermaids. In some versions of Haenyeo folklore, they are seen as protectors of the ocean and its inhabitants, much like mermaids are thought to be guardians of the sea. This shared role as stewards of the marine environment strengthens the connection between the two.

Both Haenyeo and mermaids are associated with elements of mysticism and spirituality. Haenyeo believes in the concept of "Munmul," the spiritual energy of the ocean that flows through it during dives. This belief in a spiritual connection to the sea aligns with the mystical aura of mermaids in folklore. In essence, the connection between the Haenyeo and mermaids is not a literal one but rather a symbolic and cultural association that highlights the Haenyeo's unique relationship with the sea and their place in Korean folklore and tradition. It serves as a testament to their enduring legacy as strong and fearless women who have braved the depths of the ocean for generations.

The Tale of Sea Dragon 

The Korean tale of the Sea Dragon is a captivating legend that has been passed down through generations, particularly in coastal communities. 

Long ago, in a coastal village on the Korean peninsula, the Haenyeo, the fearless women who made their living by diving into the sea for seafood, lived in harmony with the ocean. However, their peaceful existence was disrupted when a colossal sea dragon appeared in the waters near their village. This monstrous creature had the power to stir up fierce storms, churn the sea into chaos, and swallow entire schools of fish. The sea dragon's presence struck fear into the hearts of the Haenyeo, as it prevented them from diving safely and threatened their very livelihoods.

 

Dragons Of Korean Mythology (Image Source: Mythsterhood) 

The Haenyeo, known for their bravery and unity, decided to confront the sea dragon and put an end to its reign of terror. They gathered their most skilled divers, donned their diving gear, and set out to confront the beast. For days and nights, they battled the sea dragon, diving deep into the treacherous waters and using their knowledge of the ocean to outmaneuver the creature. They were guided by their unwavering determination and the belief that the sea was their home, and they were its protectors.

Busting the Myth of Jeju Island’s Divers (Image Source: The Grand Narrative) 

After a grueling battle that tested their courage and skill, the Haenyeo managed to subdue the sea dragon. Through their unity and unwavering determination, they tamed the beast, earning the respect of the ocean and ensuring a safe and abundant harvest for their village. As a symbol of their victory, the Haenyeo crafted a magnificent sculpture of the sea dragon from the treasures they had collected from the sea. This sculpture served as a reminder of their courage and the importance of working together to overcome challenges. The legend of the Sea Dragon continues to be told in Korean coastal communities, emphasizing the bravery, resilience, and unity of the Haenyeo. It serves as a testament to their vital role in protecting the marine environment and ensuring the prosperity of their villages. This tale showcases the enduring spirit of the Haenyeo, who have faced the formidable forces of the ocean with courage and determination for centuries, ensuring not only their own survival but also the continuation of their unique way of life..

Rituals and Beliefs 

The Haenyeo have their own set of rituals and beliefs that are deeply intertwined with the sea. These rituals and beliefs have been passed down through generations, shaping the Haenyeo's identity and their connection to the marine environment. Some of them are listed below: 

Munmul - The Spiritual Energy of the Sea:

One of the central beliefs of the Haenyeo is the concept of "Munmul," which can be translated as the spiritual energy or spirit of the ocean. Haenyeo believes that Munmul resides within the sea and flows through it when they dive. It is this spiritual energy that grants them the strength, courage, and protection they need while underwater. Munmul is seen as a sacred force that connects the Haenyeo to the ocean and allows them to thrive in its depths.

Prayers and Offerings:

Before embarking on a dive, Haenyeo often performs rituals and prayers to pay homage to the Sea God or the spirits of the ocean. These rituals are intended to seek protection and ensure a safe return from the sea. Offerings such as fruits, rice cakes, and other symbolic items may be made to appease the sea spirits and maintain a harmonious relationship with the sea.

Diving Songs:

Haenyeo has a tradition of singing diving songs, known as "Udo Gut," while they work underwater. These songs serve multiple purposes. They help regulate their breathing and conserve energy, but they also have a spiritual aspect. The songs are a way to communicate with the sea and its spirits, thanking them for the bounty and seeking their continued favor.

Community Bonds:

The Haenyeo operate in a close-knit community, and their rituals and beliefs are often shared and practiced collectively. The sense of unity and shared purpose is an essential part of their way of life. The rituals and prayers are performed as a group before setting out to sea, reinforcing the importance of cooperation and mutual support.

Stewardship of the Sea:

Haenyeo sees themselves as caretakers of the marine environment. Their rituals and beliefs reflect a deep respect for the ocean and its creatures. They believe that by maintaining a harmonious relationship with the sea, they can ensure its continued abundance and protect its delicate ecosystem.

Passing Down Traditions:

The rituals and beliefs of the Haenyeo are not only a means of connecting with the sea but also a way of passing down their cultural heritage to younger generations. Through these practices, knowledge is shared, and a sense of identity and pride in their unique way of life is instilled in the younger Haenyeo.

The Haenyeo's rituals and beliefs are an integral part of their identity as skilled divers and stewards of the sea. These practices reflect their deep connection to the ocean, their respect for its spiritual energy, and their commitment to preserving the marine environment for future generations.

 

Hado Haenyeo Statue, Jeju Island (Image Source: Korea.net) 

 

Image from Jeju Haenyo Museum Display which shows
the diving suits and tools of the famous divers of Jeju Island (Image Source: Korea.net) 

Korean Drama “ Our Blues” depicts Haenyeos who live in Jeju and earn their living through deep dives underwater.

 

Image of Haenyeo from the Korean drama Our Blues (Image Source: Soompi)

The Haenyeo are not only remarkable for their extraordinary skills as divers but also for the rich tapestry of folklore and myths that surround their way of life. These stories have been passed down through generations, serving as a testament to the deep cultural significance of the Haenyeo in Korean society. As these sea women continue to dive into the depths of the ocean, they carry with them the legends and traditions that have defined their unique profession for centuries.

References 

The Korea Times 

Soompi.com

Jeju Haenyo 

Korea.net

Wikipedia 

X-Ray Magazine

The Grand Narrative 

Mythsterhood 

Mermaids of Earth